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Throughput is IOPS multiplied by I/O size, so the two cloud volume limits interact: 8,000 IOPS at 32 KB needs 250 MB/s, which is exactly a common gp3 baseline cap. Larger I/O sizes hit the throughput cap before the IOPS cap, which is why the same volume that serves a database happily may throttle a backup job.
Throughput from IOPS
throughput MB/s = IOPS x I/O size KB / 1024; compare against the volume throughput cap
Because the throughput cap was reached first. Cloud volumes enforce both limits independently, and large I/O sizes reach the throughput cap at a fraction of the rated IOPS.
Indirectly. Some providers count I/O above a threshold as multiple operations, so 256 KB requests consume several IOPS each against the provisioned figure.