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Hourly throughput is annual tonnage divided by operating hours, which is 8760 times availability — 85-90% is typical after planned and unplanned outages. Thermal load is throughput times calorific value, and a grate line is generally limited to 25-40 MW thermal, which determines the number of lines needed.
Throughput
Hourly throughput (kg/h) = annual tonnes x 1000 / (8760 x availability)
Thermal load
Thermal load (MW) = throughput (kg/h) x CV (MJ/kg) / 3600
Waste incineration is subject to strict emission limits, continuous monitoring and combustion condition requirements under industrial emissions regulation.
A grate can only accept a range of combinations of throughput and calorific value. High-CV waste must be fed at a lower rate to stay within the thermal limit, and low-CV waste may not sustain combustion.
So that the plant can continue accepting waste during a planned outage. Single-line plants need alternative disposal arrangements for several weeks a year.