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Emission limits are set at a reference oxygen level so that diluting the flue gas with excess air cannot make a concentration look compliant. The correction multiplies the measured concentration by (20.9 - reference O2) / (20.9 - measured O2). Mass rate is corrected concentration times flow.
Oxygen correction
C_corrected = C_measured x (20.9 - O2_reference) / (20.9 - O2_measured)
Mass rate
Mass rate (kg/h) = corrected concentration (mg/Nm3) x flow (Nm3/h) / 1,000,000
Emission monitoring and reporting must follow the standard reference methods and conditions specified in the permit, including oxygen, temperature, pressure and moisture basis.
Normal cubic metre, at a defined temperature and pressure — usually 273 K and 101.3 kPa — and often on a dry basis. Reporting in actual cubic metres without stating conditions makes results meaningless.
Reference oxygen levels reflect typical combustion conditions: 3% for oil and gas boilers, 6% for solid fuel, 11% for waste incineration. Comparing concentrations across different references is invalid.