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PUE is total facility power divided by IT power, so 1.0 would mean every watt reaches the equipment. Hyperscale operators reach 1.1 with free cooling and containment; a typical enterprise computer room sits between 1.6 and 2.0, meaning as much energy goes on cooling and losses as on computing. Improving PUE is pure operating cost reduction.
PUE
PUE = total facility power / IT equipment power; overhead = total - IT; saving at target = (current total - IT x target PUE) x hours x price
No, not by definition. Facilities that reuse waste heat report a separate metric, ERE, which can fall below 1 because exported heat is credited.
Not necessarily. PUE improves when IT load rises even if that load is doing nothing useful, so it must be read alongside utilisation and work-per-watt measures.