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The unitary method reduces to one unit first: divide the known value by the known quantity, then multiply by the new quantity. It is the most reliable way to handle any direct-proportion word problem.
Unitary method
value per unit = value₁ / quantity₁, then new value = value per unit × quantity₂
One item costs 12.50, so 12 items cost 150.
No. For inverse proportion multiply rather than divide, since the product of the two quantities is what stays constant.