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Route selection checks prefix length first: a more specific prefix always wins regardless of source, so a /24 learned by RIP beats a /16 learned by OSPF for addresses inside it. Only when prefix lengths are equal does administrative distance decide, using the familiar values 0 for connected, 1 for static, 20 for eBGP, 90 for EIGRP, 110 for OSPF and 200 for iBGP.
Route selection order
1. longest prefix match; 2. lowest administrative distance; 3. protocol metric within the same protocol
Because eBGP routes come from outside your administrative domain and are treated as authoritative for external destinations, while iBGP at 200 is deliberately less trusted than any internal protocol.
Yes, per protocol or per route. Raising a static route's distance above the dynamic protocol creates a floating static route that only activates when the dynamic route disappears.