Work out approval cycle time instantly with clear inputs, formula shown and shareable results.
Approval time scales linearly with the number of levels, and rework adds a probability-weighted delay on top. Because each extra level adds delay without usually adding control value, reducing levels and raising delegated authority is the highest-return change.
Base approval time
Base = Approval levels x Average days per level
Expected time
Expected = Base + Rework probability x Rework delay
Two to three for most spend, with authority thresholds rather than universal routing. More levels dilute accountability rather than strengthening it.
Incomplete requisitions, missing budget codes and unclear specifications. Better forms and validation remove most of it.