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Stored energy is half C V squared, so it rises with the square of voltage: doubling the charge voltage quadruples the energy. That is why a charged high-voltage capacitor is dangerous long after the supply is off, and why pulse applications favour voltage over capacitance.
Capacitor energy
E = 0.5 x C x V^2; Q = C x V
Electrical results are planning estimates only. Verify against the applicable wiring rules (IEC 60364, BS 7671, NEC or local code) and have all installation work designed and checked by a qualified electrician.
Because voltage rises linearly as charge accumulates, so the average voltage during charging is half the final value.
Until it is deliberately discharged. With megohm-level leakage a large capacitor can hold a lethal charge for hours, which is why bleeder resistors are fitted.