Work out carbonation volumes instantly with clear inputs, formula shown and shareable results.
Carbon dioxide solubility follows Henry's law, rising with pressure and falling steeply with temperature. One volume of carbon dioxide is 1.96 grams per litre. Cold beer needs far less pressure for the same carbonation, which is why force carbonation is done at serving temperature.
Carbonation
Volumes = (gauge psi + 14.695) x (0.01821 + 0.09011 x e^(-(T_F - 32)/43.11)) - 0.003342
Mass basis
CO2 (g/L) = volumes x 1.96
Carbonating vessels must be rated for the working pressure and fitted with a pressure relief device. Over-pressurising a vessel can cause it to rupture violently.
British ales 1.5-2.0 volumes, American ales and lagers 2.4-2.7, German wheat beers 3.5-4.5 and Belgian styles up to 4. Style expectations vary widely.
Line resistance and vertical rise consume pressure. Dispense pressure must equal the equilibrium pressure for the carbonation level plus enough to overcome line losses, or the beer foams or goes flat.