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Scales the basic reproduction number by the susceptible fraction and the effect of control measures to give the effective reproduction number.
Effective reproduction number
Rt = R0 x susceptible fraction x (1 - intervention effect); further reduction needed = 1 - 1/Rt when Rt exceeds 1
The susceptible pool depletes, so each infectious person meets fewer people who can be infected.
From the case time series and the serial interval distribution, using methods such as Cori or Wallinga-Teunis.