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The Barlow equation gives t = P D / (2 S F), where S is specified minimum yield strength and F the design factor set by location class — 0.72 in remote areas down to 0.4 in densely populated ones. A corrosion allowance, commonly 1/16 inch, is added, and the resulting thickness fixes the maximum allowable operating pressure.
Barlow equation
t = P x D / (2 x SMYS x F)
MAOP
MAOP = 2 x SMYS x F x t / D
Pipeline wall thickness and MAOP are safety-critical and legally governed by pipeline codes such as ASME B31.4 or B31.8. Design must be performed and certified by a qualified engineer.
The applicable pipeline code and the population density class along the route. Higher-consequence areas require lower design factors and therefore thicker wall.
No. External pressure and collapse, bending during installation, longitudinal stress, fatigue at cyclic loading, and denting or gouging resistance are all separate checks in a full design.