Work out v speeds instantly with clear inputs, formula shown and shareable results.
Many V-speeds are fixed multiples of stall speed by certification rule or long-standing convention: Vref is 1.3 Vso, rotation is about 1.1 Vs1, best angle of climb near 1.2 Vs1, and normal operating limit Vno typically sits around 0.87 Vne. These are estimates for cross-checking, not substitutes for the flight manual.
V-speed relationships
Vref = 1.3 x Vso; Vr = 1.1 x Vs1; Vx = 1.2 x Vs1; Vno = 0.87 x Vne
Aviation results are planning estimates only. Always verify take-off, landing, fuel, weight and balance figures against the certified Aircraft Flight Manual, current performance charts and applicable aviation regulations before flight.
Vref = 1.3 Vso is a certification requirement. The others are conventions that vary between types, so the AFM figures always take precedence.
The stall-related ones do, scaling with the square root of weight. Vne and Vno are structural and fixed as indicated airspeeds.