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Specific energy consumption is energy divided by units produced, the standard intensity metric for energy management under ISO 50001. Comparing it against a baseline separates genuine efficiency change from volume effects, since absolute energy falls whenever output falls.
Energy intensity
Energy per unit = energy consumed / units produced
Baseline comparison
Change % = (actual intensity - baseline) x 100 / baseline
Base load — lighting, compressed air leaks, HVAC, idling equipment — is largely independent of output. At half volume it is spread over half the units, so intensity rises even with no change in efficiency.
Yes where products differ substantially in energy content. Otherwise a mix shift looks like an efficiency change and misdirects effort.